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Radiation oncology has been closely intertwined with the visual arts since the introduction of X-rays made possible to visualize the invisible. This relationship has influenced how the field presents itself, how patients experience treatment, and how external observers interpret the discipline. The purpose of this work is to explore the connections between radiation oncology and artistic expression, and to analyze how this reciprocal relationship provides insight into clinical practice and patient experience.

A qualitative, narrative review of historical sources, selected artworks, and previously published reflections was conducted. This included examination of artistic representations directly depicting radiological and radiotherapeutic concepts as well as artworks with indirect thematic or symbolic relevance to radiation oncology. Contemporary examples, such as patient-created art and painted immobilization masks, were also integrated into the analysis.

The review reveals that artistic engagement with radiation oncology spans multiple levels. Historically, artists documented radiological procedures and interpreted cancer treatment using metaphors of fight, light, and transformation. Modern artistic works often reflect radiotherapy through geometric structures, radiant motifs, or emotional tone. Increasingly, cancer patients themselves contribute artwork to process their treatment journeys, providing valuable external perspectives on clinical routines.

The relationship between radiation oncology and the visual arts is dynamic and mutually enriching. Artistic perspectives offer critical reflections on clinical practice, deepen understanding of patient experiences, and foster interdisciplinary dialogue. As this reciprocal exchange continues, it will further shape both the cultural perception of radiation oncology and its internal identity as a medical discipline.