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Background and objective: Recurrent abdominal hernias remain a significant clinical challenge, with relatively high recurrence rates despite prosthetic mesh repair. Accurate imaging modalities are essential to assess mesh positioning and detect complications. Our study aims to compare computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for mesh visualization, recurrence detection, and related postoperative outcomes in recurrent hernia patients.

Method: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, including CT scan or MRI studies, to assess mesh visualization in recurrent hernia cases. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science was performed up to July 2024. Data were extracted for mesh visualization, recurrence rates, seroma detection, and reoperation rates. Statistical analysis employed a random-effects model with subgroup analysis for CT and MRI modalities.

Result: A total of 26 studies were included (18 for CT, and 8 for MRI). Recurrence rates were 20% (95% CI: 0–42%) for CT-based studies and 15% (95% CI: 4–26%) for MRI-based studies (p=0.72). MRI exhibited superior mesh visualization (73%; 95% CI: 42–100%) compared to CT-(48%; 95% CI: 0–100%) (p=0.44) studies. Seroma detection rates were similar: 12% (95% CI: 4–19%) for CT- and 10% (95% CI: 4–15%) for MRI- (p=0.65) studies. Reoperation rates were 6% (95% CI: 1–11%) for CT- and 34% (95% CI: 3–66%) for MRI-based studies, showing a non-significant trend (p=0.08).

Summary: CT and MRI offer distinct advantages in detecting mesh-related complications after hernia surgery. CT remains preferred for identifying recurrence and acute complications, while MRI excels in mesh visualization and soft-tissue assessment. Tailored imaging strategies based on clinical scenarios can optimize outcomes and improve postoperative care.