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      <Title language="en">Determinations of human muscle mass from F. W. Theile 1884 to the present for the prevention of work-related musculoskeletal diseases</Title>
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          <Lastname>Hartmann</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Hartmann</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Bernd</Firstname>
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          <Affiliation>ArbMedErgo, Hamburg, Germany</Affiliation>
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          <Corporatename>German Medical Science GMS Publishing House</Corporatename>
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        <Address>D&#252;sseldorf</Address>
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      <SubjectheadingDDB>610</SubjectheadingDDB>
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      <DatePublished>20250909</DatePublished>
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    <Language>engl</Language>
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      <AltText language="en">This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</AltText>
      <AltText language="de">Dieser Artikel ist ein Open-Access-Artikel und steht unter den Lizenzbedingungen der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (Namensnennung).</AltText>
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      <Meeting>
        <MeetingId>M0625</MeetingId>
        <MeetingSequence>102</MeetingSequence>
        <MeetingName>12th International Scientific Conference on the Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders</MeetingName>
        <MeetingTitle>PREMUS 2025</MeetingTitle>
        <MeetingSession>Oral PS 22</MeetingSession>
        <MeetingCity>T&#252;bingen</MeetingCity>
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          <DateFrom>20250909</DateFrom>
          <DateTo>20250912</DateTo>
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      <MainHeadline>Text</MainHeadline><Pgraph><Mark1>Introduction:</Mark1> Determinations of human muscle mass demonstrate the background to the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in employees exposed to increased physical stress. In German-speaking countries, F. W. Theile was the first scientist since ancient times to present muscle mass measurements from human autopsies. Today, a wide range of methods is available. What benefits can we derive from this for occupational medicine&#63;</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Methods:</Mark1> Narrative review of the determination of muscle mass in the past and future.</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Results:</Mark1> The material by THEILE, published by HIS in Acta Leopoldina in 1884 <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>, provided the first data on muscle mass and its sub-masses in real humans.</Pgraph><Pgraph>It was used in the classification of occupational physiological continuous performance limits for dynamic work by Frauendorf in Berlin <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>. Today, a variety of direct (e.g., MRI) and indirect (e.g., impedance measurements on body scales) methods are available. Muscle mass is increasingly of interest in the detection of sarcopenia <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Discussion and</Mark1> <Mark1>Conclusion:</Mark1> The determination of muscle mass is not only of historical importance for occupational medicine&#47;physiology. The prevention of sarcopenia in an aging society provides new inspiration for muscle mass measurements in occupational health prevention for older workers.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <References linked="yes">
      <Reference refNo="1">
        <RefAuthor>Theile FW</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Gewichtsbestimmungen zur Entwicklung des Muskelsystems und des Skeletts beim Menschen</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>1884</RefYear>
        <RefBookTitle>Nova acta dtsch. Akad. Naturforscher</RefBookTitle>
        <RefPage></RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Theile FW. Gewichtsbestimmungen zur Entwicklung des Muskelsystems und des Skeletts beim Menschen. Nova acta dtsch. Akad. Naturforscher. 1884.</RefTotal>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="2">
        <RefAuthor>Frauendorf H</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kobryn U</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Empfehlung zur Bewertung vorwiegend dynamischer Arbeit mit Einsatz unterschiedlicher Muskelmassen an Hand der physischen Dauerleistungsgrenze</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>1983</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Z Gesamte Hyg</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>726-7</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Frauendorf H, Kobryn U. Empfehlung zur Bewertung vorwiegend dynamischer Arbeit mit Einsatz unterschiedlicher Muskelmassen an Hand der physischen Dauerleistungsgrenze &#91;Recommendations for the evaluation of dynamic work involving various muscle masses using the physical endurance limit&#93;. Z Gesamte Hyg. 1983 Dec;29(12):726-7.</RefTotal>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="3">
        <RefAuthor>Frauendorf H</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Kobryn U</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Gelbrich W</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Blutdruck- und Herzschlagfrequenzverhalten bei f&#252;nf verschiedenen Formen dynamischer Muskelarbeit</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>1990</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Z Arbeitswiss</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>214-6</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Frauendorf H, Kobryn U, Gelbrich W. Blutdruck- und Herzschlagfrequenzverhalten bei f&#252;nf verschiedenen Formen dynamischer Muskelarbeit. Z Arbeitswiss. 1990;44: 214-6.</RefTotal>
      </Reference>
      <Reference refNo="4">
        <RefAuthor>Huang AC</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Lu HK</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Liang CW</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Hsieh KC</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Tsai YS</RefAuthor>
        <RefAuthor>Lai CL</RefAuthor>
        <RefTitle>Comparison study of bioelectrical impedance analyzers for measuring lower limb muscle mass in middle-aged and elderly adults</RefTitle>
        <RefYear>2025</RefYear>
        <RefJournal>Front Nutr</RefJournal>
        <RefPage>1546499</RefPage>
        <RefTotal>Huang AC, Lu HK, Liang CW, Hsieh KC, Tsai YS, Lai CL. Comparison study of bioelectrical impedance analyzers for measuring lower limb muscle mass in middle-aged and elderly adults. Front Nutr. 2025 Feb 7;12:1546499. DOI: 10.3389&#47;fnut.2025.1546499</RefTotal>
        <RefLink>http:&#47;&#47;dx.doi.org&#47;10.3389&#47;fnut.2025.1546499</RefLink>
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